Huella de carbono en el Hospital Base de Puerto Montt / Measurement of the carbon footprint at a regional hospital

Background: Measuring the carbon footprint (CF) makes it possible to estimate the contribution of clinical activity to global warming. Aim: To measure the emitter components of CO2 equivalents (CO2e) at the Hospital Base, Puerto Montt (HBPM). Material and methods: Descriptive study with data collected retrospectively between January and December 2016 from the HBPM database. The data analyzes direct and indirect emissions as well as other indirect emissions beyond the organizational limits. Results: Of the 9,660.3 tons of CO2e emitted by the HBPM in 2016, 46% were derived from consumption of electricity, 29% derived from the generation of residues, and 10% from clinical gas consumption, of which Sevoflurane was the greatest contributor. Conclusions: Clinical gases are a significant source of CO2e emissions. Sevoflurane alone is in fourth place in CO2e emissions at the HBPM. Estimating the CF produced by HBPM is the first step in the discussion of measures to reduce the environmental impact of our activity.

IL-4 and IL-5 Secretions Predominate in the Airways of Wistar Rats Exposed to Toluene Diisocyanate Vapor / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVES: We established a Wistar rat model of asthma caused by toluene diisocyanate (TDI) exposure, and investigated the relationship between TDI exposure concentrations and respiratory hypersensitivity, airway inflammation, and cytokine secretions in animals, to better understand the mechanism of TDI induced occupational asthma. METHODS: Wistar rats were exposed to two different concentrations of TDI vapor four hours a day for five consecutive days. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed, and differential leucocytes from the BAL fluid were analyzed. Lung histopathological examination was carried out to investigate the inflammatory status in the airways. Production of cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5 productions in the BAL fluid in vivo was determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. RESULTS: The TDI-exposed rats exhibited greater airway hypersensitivity symptoms than the control rats. The BAL differential cell count and lung histopathological examination demonstrated that inflammation reactions were present in both the central and peripheral airways, characterized with marked infiltration of eosinophils in the TDI-exposed rats. The cytokine assay showed that IL-4 and IL-5 were predominantly produced in the BAL fluid in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: These findings imply that TDI exposure concentrations may greatly affect the occurrence and extent of inflammatory events and that Th2 type cytokines may play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of TDI-induced occupational respiratory hypersensitivity.

Development and Evaluation of the Quick Anaero-system-A New Disposable Anaerobic Culture System / 대한진단검사의학회지

BACKGROUND: We developed a new disposable anaerobic culture system, namely, the Quick anaero-system, for easy culturing of obligate anaerobes. METHODS: Our system consists of 3 components: 1) new disposable anaerobic gas pack, 2) disposable culture-envelope and sealer, and 3) reusable stainless plate rack with mesh containing 10 g of palladium catalyst pellets. To evaluate the efficiency of our system, we used 12 anaerobic bacteria. We prepared 2 sets of ten-fold serial dilutions of the 12 anaerobes, and inoculated these samples on Luria-Bertani (LB) broth and LB blood agar plate (LB-BAP) (BD Diagnostic Systems, USA). Each set was incubated in the Quick anaero-system (DAS Tech, Korea) and BBL GasPak jar with BD GasPak EZ Anaerobe Container System (BD Diagnostic Systems) at 35-37degrees C for 48 hr. The minimal inoculum size showing visible growth of 12 anaerobes when incubated in both the systems was compared. RESULTS: The minimal inoculum size showing visible growth for 2 out of the 12 anaerobes in the LB broth and 9 out of the 12 anaerobes on LB-BAP was lower for the Quick anaero-system than in the BD GasPak EZ Anaerobe Container System. The mean time (+/-SD) required to achieve absolute anaerobic conditions of the Quick anaero-system was 17 min and 56 sec (+/-3 min and 25 sec). CONCLUSIONS: The Quick anaero-system is a simple and effective method of culturing obligate anaerobes, and its performance is superior to that of the BD GasPak EZ Anaerobe Container System.

Uso del ozono en diferentes campos de la odontología / Use of oOzone in different fields from the odontolgy

El uso de los gases hiperoxidantes como es el ozono en la odontología no ha sido descritoampliamente, sin embargo podemos utilizar esta técnica en diferentes áreas como la cirugíaoral, la periodoncia, la endodoncia y en la estética dental, principalmente por tener efectodesodorizante y desinfectante. Además se ha planteado que esta técnica tiene excelentesresultados en el tratamiento de conductos dentales, la desinfección de bolsas periodontales, comoastringente en cirugía oral y como gas oxidante en el blanqueamiento de superficies dentales.Por ser una técnica novedosa en el campo odontológico presenta ciertas dificultades en sumanejo y consecución ya que los generadores de ozono tienen altos costos y los parámetrosde utilización en el ser humano son bastante estrictos y de cuidado ya que podría representarun daño físico al paciente si no se utiliza correctamente. Al revisar la literatura podemos darnoscuenta que el uso del ozono en la odontología aun se encuentra en una etapa experimental, yaque no se ha encontrado la manera de manejarlo correctamente en seres humanos, siendo útil,por el contrario, en otros usos y aplicaciones...

The use of hyperoxidating gases such as ozone in dentistry has not been described in the literaturewidely. This technique can have application in areas such as oral surgery, periodontics,endodontics, and esthetic dentistry basically due to its deodorizing and disinfecting effect. Giventhat it is a new technique there are certain limitations and difficulties for its application in dentistry.Such as the high cost of ozone generators and the strict parameters for its use in humans. Thisliterature review concludes that the use of ozone in dentistry is still in an experimental phase,given that adequate protocols for its use have not been developed as has been possible in otherareas.

Predição da degradação da matéria seca pelo volume de gases utilizando a técnica in vitro semi-automática de produção de gases / Prediction of dry matter degradation from volume of gas production using the in vitro semi-automatic gas production technique

Estimou-se a degradação da matéria seca (DMS) via produção de gases (PG) por meio de equações. Foram agrupados dados de volume de gases e DMS de oito forrageiras (Brachiaria brizantha, Brachiaria decumbens, feno de Cynodon spp, silagem de milho, silagem de milheto, sorgo de corte, capim-elefante e cana-de-açúcar) e de milho em grão. Os dados de DMS obtidos em laboratório foram comparados à DMS obtida pelas equações de regressão. Apesar dos altos coeficientes de determinação, os resultados demonstraram a impossibilidade de estimar a DMS via PG pelas equações geral, de dois e de três pontos.

The dry matter degration (DMD) was estimated through volume of gas produced (GP) during the in vitro fermentation. The DMD from eight forages (Brachiaria brizantha, Brachiaria decumbens, cynodon hay, maize silage, Pennisetum glaucon, sorghum, elephant grass and sugarcane) and corn grain were obtained and were compared with the DMD estimated using regression equations. The results showed the GP can not predict the DMD due to inocula effects, chemical composition of substrate or losses of particles of soluble material during filtration process.